Translation of "Schwarzer strahler" in English

Hence, large black holes emit less radiation than small black holes.

Black Led Track Lights angle can be 350° adjustable.

These black holes could be the seeds of the supermassive black holes found in the centers of most galaxies.

For that purpose, hospitals typically install a black body radiator of a known temperature to serve as the radiation reference point.

The effective temperature of a body such as a star or planet is the temperature of a black body that would emit the same total amount of electromagnetic radiation.

"A black body in thermal equilibrium (that is, at a constant temperature) emits electromagnetic radiation called black-body radiation.

The black radiator according to claim 2, wherein the honeycombed surface is produced by electrolytic etching.

The measured spectra J i (?) are then processed with the supplied corrected spectra I i (?), which were measured with a traceable calibrated fluorescence spectrometer with a known measurement uncertainty, are corrected for baseline and spectral shifts, so that these are device-independent and traceable to the radiometric primary standard “black body” or “cryo-radiometer”.

The detection limit for a reliable quantification can reach the ppb-range depending on the applied measurement mode (active, passive), the length of the optical pathway (several 100 m) and the IR source used (artificial IR source, natural black bodies).

The skin can be described here approximately as a black body radiator, whose entire emission according to the Stefan-Boltzmann law is proportional to the fourth power of the surface temperature.

In some embodiments of the invention, the light source can be or contain a black body, e.g. an incandescent bulb or a halogen lamp.

An operation of this type is particularly efficient, since graphite which acts, as it were, as a “black body radiator”, has a high absorption capacity for electromagnetic radiation, in particular for radiation in the spectral region of the halogen lamp.

The accuracy of the measurement may be increased by providing a defined background in the form of a black radiator which, during measurement, leads to a defined background with a constant temperature, that is to say defines the transmitted background radiation, and, on the other hand, can be utilized for calibrating the system during idling phases of the machine (black plates).

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a comprehensive calibration system using fluorescence standards, and a calibration method, which allows a simple and reproducible calibration that can be traced to primary radiometric standards (black body; cryo-radiometer), and which enables a reliable calibration of a photoluminescence measurement system over an extended spectral range.

The spectra I i (?) were measured with a traceably calibrated fluorescence spectrometer with a known measurement uncertainty, were corrected for blank values and other spectral features, and are therefore now device-independent and traceable to the radiometric primary standard “black body” or “cryo-radiometer.”

In contrast to prior art, the functional testing of a radiation measuring apparatus according to the invention does not require any additional external components such as a black-body radiator of a known temperature as the radiation reference, thus obviating the need for any particular additional expertise in their proper use while also avoiding the added cost of their acquisition and maintenance.

As a result of the two measurements, it is possible to correct the radiation of the radiation sources reflected from the object and hence to determine the emitted radiation, in other words the thermal radiation of the object, that is normally, and also in the case of a wafer, no black-body radiator.

The color temperature is per definition the temperature at which a black body (Planckian radiator) glows with a certain light color.

The measured spectra J i (?) are then processed with the supplied corrected spectra I i (?), which were measured with a traceable calibrated fluorescence spectrometer with a known measurement uncertainty, are corrected for baseline and spectral shifts, so that these are device-independent and traceable to the radiometric primary standard “black body” or “cryo-radiometer”.

The measured spectra J i (?) are then processed with the supplied corrected spectra I i (?), which were measured with a traceable calibrated fluorescence spectrometer with a known measurement uncertainty, are corrected for baseline and spectral shifts, so that these are device-independent and traceable to the radiometric primary standard “black body” or “cryo-radiometer”.

When the opening is small with regard to the dimensions of the cavity, blackbody behavior is approximated.

The resultant incandescence (blackbody emission) of the heated particles is detected with a fast shutter camera synchronized to the laser pulse.

Thorium oxide provides a particularly high light yield because it is no black body, but emits little thermal infrared radiation and more visible light (selective radiator).

As a result, such surfaces are also ideal blackbody radiators and hence can be used for heat emission, particularly in outer space.

This included, among other things, research on the newly discovered X-rays, new atomic models, Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity, quantum physics (based on the already mentioned work on the black-body radiator), and the investigation of the properties of the electron.

The cathode 21 is made of aluminium and is provided on its surface with a black radiator 22, such as an anodized layer.

In a further test, the substrate is positioned at a spacing of about 3 mm to "float" above a cathode, whose surface is not provided with a black radiator.

In the area of the substrate, the cathode surface is provided with a black radiator 32, in this preferred embodiment with an anodized layer.